Chronic inflammatory kidney diseases cause serious illnesses, including complete kidney failure, which must be treated with extensive regular blood washing or kidney transplantation. Most of these diseases manifest themselves through protein excretion in the urine. This is because the millions of small filters in the kidneys, known as glomeruli, are damaged and therefore no longer retain protein. It has not yet been possible to determine whether only a few, but severely damaged, or many moderately damaged glomeruli are responsible for protein excretion in the urine. "This is of great importance for therapy and prognosis and could well differ in the many different forms of kidney disease," says first author Dr. Alexander Böhner, assistant physician at the Clinic for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology at the UKB, describing the motivation to get to the bottom of this question experimentally in small animal models of kidney disease.
Using the visibility of fluorescent protein to solve puzzles
Behind each glomerulus is a tiny channel in which the urine is processed before it reaches the bladder. If protein is detected in this channel, the associated filter must be defective. The challenge now was to identify this glomerulus. "This was previously an impossible task, because the human kidney consists of millions of glomeruli with tubules that wrap around each other in a complex three-dimensional manner," says senior author Prof. Christian Kurts from the Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology at the UKB. He is also a member of the Transdisciplinary Research Area 3 (TRA 3) "Life & Health" and the Cluster of Excellence Immunosensation2 at the University of Bonn. The research team solved this problem by making the kidney chemically transparent and imaging it completely using light sheet fluorescence microscopy. The Bonn researchers then combined an image enhancement algorithm with a highly parallelized geometric algorithm that uses a principle similar to that used in navigation devices to determine the fastest route on a two-dimensional map. This made it possible to determine in three dimensions from which defective glomerulus misfiltrated protein originated in a complete kidney. "The algorithm added up all the protein detected in the glomerulus in question and thus determined how much protein it had incorrectly filtered, i.e. how badly damaged it was," says co-first author Prof. Alexander Effland from the Interdisciplinary Research Unit (IRU) "Mathematics and life sciences" of the Hausdorff Center for Mathematics (HCM) at the University of Bonn, who is also the spokesperson for TRA 1 "Modeling" at the University of Bonn. "The result was a map that shows each glomerulus and its damage in a different color."
Map of defective kidney filters enables detailed analysis of inflamed kidneys
The Bonn researchers applied this technique to a model of rapid-progressive glomerulonephritis, a particularly aggressive form of kidney inflammation. They found that there are regions in which severely damaged glomeruli are concentrated. This is important for diagnosis by kidney biopsy, in which a sample is taken from the kidney and examined. "If this sample is taken by chance from a severely affected area, the microscopic examination would overestimate the severity of the inflammation of the entire kidney," summarizes Prof. Kurts. This technique will provide completely new insights into the development of kidney diseases. In principle, it can also be applied to other organs with a modular structure, i.e. consisting of many functional units, such as the liver or lungs.